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政治 常识 南非故事 Home![]() |
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South Africa belongs to ... 南非是属于谁的?[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ] 这是一个非常难回答的问题。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ] |
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| South Africa was first inhabited by the Khoisan, followed by Bantu tribes migrating from the North. These were first exposed to Europeans when Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape in 1488 and Vasco de Gama landed at the Cape en route to India in 1497. The first European colony was established in 1652 by Jan van Riebeek on behalf of the Dutch East India Company as a food station for ships on the trade routes.
The colony expanded as more settlers arrived and it became an important strategic point on the trade route with the Netherlands, France and Britain competing for its control. The British seized power in 1795 which they lost to the Dutch between 1803 and 1806. The British colonial war was characterised by protracted scuffles with indigenous groups and, later, with the Afrikaners during two Anglo Boer Wars. The scorched earth policy adopted by the British in the Second Anglo Boer War left a large number of displaced people, a depressed economy and a legacy of bitterness. In 1910 South Africa became a self-governing union as a member of the Commonwealth. Between 1910 and 1948 laws based on race were passed and protests (largely ineffective) followed. Britain continued to be influential in the union until 1948 when the National Party won the election. The National Party implemented apartheid forced the separation of races with whites having preferential access. This was done through legislation such as the Prohibition of Mixed Marriage Act, the Population Registration Act (that introduced race classification) and the Group Areas Act. Black organisations united against apartheid and staged mass protests. In 1961 South Africa became a republic and withdrew from the Commonwealth. The United Nations refused to recognise the republic and South Africa effectively began a 30 year period of international isolation. The country was excluded from international organisations and sporting events and also had economic and trade sanctions imposed that served to slow down the economy to such an extent that it could no longer survive in the isolation. During these years of isolation, the government continued to intensify the implementation of apartheid and the opposition movements increased their protests. Many analysts are of the opinion that the events of June 16 1976, when Soweto’s youth protested against legislation making Afrikaans the language in which subjects were to be taught, were the turning point in the struggle against apartheid. Political reforms started in 1986 with the repeal of certain apartheid legislation. Nelson Mandela was released in 1990 after 27 years in prison and the ANC began a process of negotiation with the National Party government. The negotiation process culminated in the drafting of a constitution and the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. In the same year the country was accepted back into international organisations. The second national and parliamentary elections were held on June 2, 1999. In the national elections, the ANC narrowly missed a two-thirds majority. The ANC won the majority of seats in the parliamentary elections securing 233 seats, the DP won 38, the IFP 34, the NNP 28, the UDM 14, the ADP 6 and the final 14 were won by a smaller parties. Active political parties in South Africa include:
In October 2002, the Constitutional Court ruled on the provisions of floor-crossing legislation with regard to political parties and ruled that representatives of a political party were not allowed to defect to another political party on the national and provincial level, but this is allowed on the municipal level. The result has been shifts of power in mainly from the DA to the NNP and the ANC who have formed a coalition. |
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南非作为国家成为现在的样子,是在布尔战争以后的1910年,从成立南非联邦开始的。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]之后,作为首相的国名党成员博塔和马兰,为了保护白人的利益,制定了一系列人种差别法案,为种族隔离奠定了基础。与之相对的黑人建立了 非洲民族议会(ANC),来反对他们的人种差别法案。ANC建成初期的活动,受到甘地的非暴力主义的影响,发展的比较稳健,但是随着种族隔离的强化也渐渐地变得有暴力倾向了。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ] 1952年,纳尔逊·曼德拉发起了大规模德反对宣传活动,导致很多黑人被捕。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]1955年,黑人响应卢茨里的号召,通过了自由宪章。但是,1959年过激派的成员由于反对稳健派的卢茨里而退出ANC,扬起了泛非议会(PAC)的大旗。他们反对通行证法,与1960年挑起了夏普大厦事件。白人警察向集会人群开枪,造成了69人死亡,186人负伤的大悲剧。事件过后,卢茨里烧毁了通行证,和大多数的黑人站在了一起。这一事件,波及到南非全国上下。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]南非政府发布戒严令,ANC和PAC变成非合法化团体,并拘留了2000多名黑人领导者,共逮捕了20000人以上。之后,ANC和PAC潜入地下,搞游击活动的同时,在国外设立了据点。由于这一事件的发生,南非受到世界各国的指责。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ] 因为人种差别同时也受到英国的责难,因此南非脱离了英联邦,宣布独立,成为共和执政,成立了南非共和国。同时颁布了共和国新宪法,大统领为元首,采用了只有白人参加的上下两院制。非白人没有参政权,作为顾问机构,只是设立了黑人的原居民代表审议会,以及科洛德人和印度人的代表审议会。曾经销声匿迹一时的黑人民族主义者,进入70年代后,又开始了一系列的运动。1972年,在德拉肯斯的非洲大学发起的教育改革运动;1973年,在德班发起的工人罢工;还有就是1976年发起的索韦托起义。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]发起运动的直接原因是,学校强制性加入 Afrikaans 南非公用荷兰语教学,受到黑人学生的反对。根据运动的指导者毕克的“黑人意识运动”的主张,南非学生运动(SASM)和索韦托学生评议会(SSRC)等高中学生组织,发起了大约2万人的大规模示威游行。警察向示威的人群开枪,打死打伤者不计其数。这一事件冲击了南非整个国土,各地的黑人纷纷于警察发生冲突。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ] 南非的种族隔离政策,受到了国际舆论的强烈的谴责。1974年,联合国停止了南非的投票权;1977年,联合国安理会宣布禁止世界各国向南非提供军事物资。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ] 1978年,就任首相的博塔颁布了与一部分有色人种和睦相处的政策;1984年,正式修改了宪法,设立了由白人、科洛德人、印度人分别组成的三议会制议会。但是由于这一政策的出台,引发了以居住在约翰内斯堡为中心的黑人的抵抗暴动,当局在1985年发布了非常事态宣言,对他们进行不断的镇压。之后,受到了来自世界各国的责难,南非政府不得不在一个时期做出一定的让步。但是又很快的非常再次发布了事态宣言,并下决心逮捕了大量的领导者。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]1986年,受到了反对种族隔离制裁,南非当局在国际社会受到孤立。1989年,博塔辞去首相的职务,德克勒克就任总统,提出废除种族隔离政策,并在1990年释放了黑人领导人纳尔逊·曼德拉,1991年制定了废除种族隔离法案,人种差别在法律上打上了终结号。 1994年,首次由全民族参加新宪法制定的议会选举,曼德拉就任新一届总统。但是,这样并没有解决所有的问题。种族隔离时代形成的不良影响,决不是这样容易纠正的,黑人中有很多人不满于毫无变化的现状。南非还设立了调查机关真实融合委员会来调查政治犯和人权侵害,努力追究种族隔离的责任。[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]
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| 参 考 |
Aibert Jonh Louthuli 卢茨里[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]
通行证法[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]
Steve Biko 毕克[ 南非故事 Cooltang.com ]
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